This essay should be about four to six pages long (without including title page and list of cited references).  This essay prompt asks that you engage in a reflection about the course’s contents (no library research is needed; engaging only with the textbook’s contents and other course materials is required).  You must:

a] Read the New York Times article, In Narrow Decision, Supreme Court Sides With Baker Who Turned Away Gay Couple (see the folder Recent Press Articles of Interest at the Student Resources link). Briefly summarize the case.

b] Read the New York Times article, British Jury Delivers First Conviction for Female Genital Cutting (see the folder Recent Press Articles of Interest at the Student Resources link). Briefly summarize the case.

c] Use as many specific concepts and contents (no vague reference accepted) from this course to develop a sophisticated discussion of the significance of these two cases when considered together.  Indeed, they contrast meaningfully: the first case is decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in favor of a religious perspective and at the detriment, perhaps, of “individual sexual rights,” while the second could be seen as promoting individual rights by limiting the reach of religious and cultural traditions–some of which are criminalized by law (female genital cutting).  In this section of your essay, you should engage in a discussion of all aspects of the contrast made by the two cases (two NYT articles) you find most relevant in the development of your sophisticated argument.  That argument should make as many references to the course’s contents as possible and relevant.  This section of your essay may not focus on one of the articles only.  It must focus instead on the significance of the contrast between both cases, vis–vis human rights and religious rights.

Your accurate utilization of course contents in the development of a well-constructed argument will be the major criteria used to evaluate your essay.

You must use the Author-Date Chicago Manual of Style (see the Student Resources link) to cite your written sources (including the textbook) and list your references cited at the end of your essay.

YOU MAY NOT QUOTE.  YOU SHOULD PARAPHRASE INSTEAD.  THE PROFESSOR WANTS TO HEAR YOUR OWN VOICE.

The three specific questions asked (a, b, and c) must be answered separately in that order, following the mention a, b or c).

Your essay must have a brief introduction, your answer to a), your answer to b), and your answer to c).  It ends with the list of cited references.

You must submit your essay as a Word file.

This assignment is graded according to your ability to identify and articulate an argument about the central focus of the essay (the significance of the contrast between the two cases referred to in the two NYT articles, marshal evidence from the course’s materials to support the sophisticated argument you develop, as well as to show your ability to follow directions, present accurate information and cite examples from the texts that you paraphrase. Finally, this assignment will be graded on your demonstrated ability to adequately understand  anthropological explanations and adhere to the rules of English grammar.  For this assignment, I look for whether you have developed a sound argument and whether you have constructed logical paragraphs that explain how the examples you have chosen support your statement about the question’s focus/target.

For this assignment, consider the role, responsibility, and perspective of the criminal justice administrator (i.e., police chief or sheriff) in your municipality. You are tasked with identifying the plan and budget for the agency that accounts for threats of domestic terrorism.

To accomplish this, you will need to research your local (i.e., city, county, or state) law enforcement agency and the applicable fusion center to determine the connection that exists between budget allocation and the threat of terrorism. Use this information to analyze the threats that your agency plans and prepares for, and determine how training and response to these threats are budgeted. Most law enforcement agency budgets and fusion center budgets are public record and are easily obtained online; however, you may need to do some deeper research to obtain all of the information needed for this assignment.

Your case study should address the items below.

Identify your location and the law enforcement agency that you selected.
Discuss the terrorist or homeland security threats that apply to your area and how they are specifically addressed through department policy, procedures, and training.
Examine the role of the law enforcement administrator or leader (e.g., sheriff, police chief) in protecting the community from a terrorist incident. Address his or her potential concerns regarding the safety of the community and his or her officers in a terrorist incident.
Identify the external resources (fusion center resources and others) that could be tapped by law enforcement leadership in the event of a terrorist incident.
Determine how terrorist incident response, preparation, and training are budgeted. Are these items specifically allocated, or do they fall under the general category line items such as overtime and training? What other factors must an administrator consider when creating the fiscal budget that could possibly interfere with terrorism budget allocation?
Finally, take into consideration everything you have learned in this course about the role and responsibilities of a criminal justice administrator, the value of community policing, and the importance of the agency leadership having a positive influence on personnel and policy. With this in mind, propose two changes to the current way in which the threat of terrorism is handled and budgeted for in your local agency. Support your recommendations with a strong argument and evidence.
Your case study must be a minimum of three pages in length, not counting the title page and references page. A minimum of three sources will be used and must be properly cited. The case study, including all references, should be formatted in APA Style.

For this assignment, you will utilize the CSU Online Library to locate an article that discusses a specific incident of ethical violations on the part of a police or corrections officer. The article must include a real case relating to an officer who did not adhere to his or her agencys code of ethics.

The article should be no more than 5 years old, and the article should have been published via a reputable source (e.g., peer-reviewed journal, law enforcement organization, or industry source). Once you identify the article, you may need to do further research as you complete the following two parts for your case study.

First, provide an analysis of the case, to include a summary of the circumstances, suspected ethical violations, and the final outcome of the case. Your analysis should include how non-law-enforcement personnel or organizations in this case influenced the ethics of the officer.
Second, assume that you are a criminal justice administrator, and a similar incident happened under your command. Discuss any changes or actions that you would take regarding implementing and enforcing the code of ethics as well as the communication you would have with your subordinates to ensure this does not happen again in your agency. Discuss how to prevent non-law-enforcement personnel or organizations from influencing the ethics of your criminal justice professionals.
Your case study should present an insightful and thorough analysis with strong arguments and evidence that incorporate concepts learned in this unit. The case study must be a minimum of three pages in length, not counting the title page and references page. A minimum of three sources will be used, one of which must come from the CSU Online Library. All sources used should be properly cited. The case study, including all references, should be formatted in APA Style.

To achieve transparency, law enforcement agencies should have clear and comprehensive policies. Write an essay in which you address the information below.

Identify three specific uses-of-force policies that could help provide for transparency within the criminal justice organization.
Explain the expected impact of the policies in the community.
Discuss how you, as a law enforcement leader, would communicate these policies to your personnel.
Discuss the pros and cons of how the policies might influence an officers behaviors and actions while on the job.
Discuss the kind of training you think is required to ensure the policies are effective in lowering the number of excessive use-of-force incidents. Include your rationale for the selected training.
Your essay should begin with an introduction. It must be a minimum of two pages in length, not counting the title page and references page. A minimum of two sources should be used to support your essay, and they must be properly cited. Your essay, including all references, should be formatted in APA Style.

For this assignment, you will analyze a well-known and widely debated incident where policing style played a factor. You will need to do basic research on the Branch Davidian Standoff, which took place in Waco, Texas, in 1993. Then, analyze the case according to the instructions below.

Provide a historical overview of the facts of the Branch Davidian Standoff.
Analyze the factor of police negotiation during the siege.
Explain how non-law-enforcement personnel (e.g., compound residents, media) impacted the efforts of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) to end the siege.
Discuss how, in retrospect, the siege could have been handled differently by the FBI and ATF agencies to produce a different result.
Imagine if a similar incident took place today. Discuss how changing police styles enables law enforcement to adapt to changes in society.
You must use at least three credible sources to support your case study, two of which must be from the CSU Online Library. All sources used must be properly cited. Your case study should present an insightful and thorough analysis, contain a strong argument and evidence, and show correlation to concepts learned in this unit.

Your case study must be a minimum of three pages in length, not counting the title page and references page. Your case study, including all references, should be formatted in APA Style.

Maslows hierarchy of needs is just one of several motivational theories discussed in this unit. It is a foundational concept in the role of a criminal justice administrator, whether in law enforcement, corrections, or courts.

For this assignment, you will examine Maslows hierarchy of needs. Each of the levels in the hierarchy of needs must be examined in detail as it relates to administration and personnel. Make certain that your essay meets the criteria below.

First, include an introduction. Then, explain how a criminal justice administrator could apply Maslows model in each of the leadership theories (trait, style, and situational leadership) discussed in Chapter 2 on pp. 3640 of the textbook. Give an example from each of the three criminal justice sectors (law enforcement, corrections, and courts) to support your explanation.
Second, briefly identify one other motivational theory from the textbook (pp. 4146) that can also be applied in all three criminal justice sectors. Give an example of how it could be used in each.
Third, discuss how the application of Maslows hierarchy of needs contributes to effective communication in a criminal justice organization. Give an example from each of the three criminal justice sectors (law enforcement, corrections, and courts) to support your discussion.
Finally, analyze the connection between Maslows beliefs and how they relate to an administrators requirement to be aware of and respect the rights of employees. Give an example from each of the three criminal justice sectors (law enforcement, corrections, and courts) to support your analysis.
Your essay must be a minimum of three pages in length, not counting the title page and references page. You are required to use at least two sources to support your essay, one of which may be the textbook. All sources used must be properly cited. Your essay, including all references, will be formatted in APA Style.

Criminal Justice Managers Research and Policy Analysis

Research is conducted in the field of criminal justice on a daily basis. The expectation is that the findings from research studies will be helpful in developing related policies, practices, and programs in the field of criminal justice. However, it is not always clear whether research findings are actually used in the criminal justice field to impact policies, practices, and programs. To further explore this phenomenon, you are required to complete this scholarly activity that focuses on the evaluation research process and the use of research findings by criminal justice managers as managerial tools. To meet the objectives of the scholarly activity, complete the following tasks:

Section 1: Evaluation Research

Provide a brief summary of the steps in evaluation research used in the field of criminal justice.
Provide a brief discussion about the distinctions between the types of evaluation research.
Briefly discuss the type of evaluation research that would be most appropriate for evaluating a criminal justice program in your community.
Section 2: Managerial Tools

Visit the website of a criminal justice agency in your community (e.g., local police department, county sheriffs office) and review the agencys organizational structure. Familiarize yourself with the managerial positions at the agency, and read any related job descriptions, if available.
Imagine that you are preparing to conduct an informational interview with an employee that holds a managerial position in the criminal justice agency you selected. In your informational interview, you are going to ask questions about his or her awareness and use of evaluation research by criminal justice personnel serving in management positions in the agency.
Using your knowledge of the evaluation research process and the types of evaluation research, develop a list of at least five questions you would ask at the informational interview.
Be sure to write at least one question that addresses whether the manager uses evaluation research as a managerial tool; if so, in what capacity are those evaluation research managerial tools utilized, and if not, why.
Be sure to ask at least one question that addresses the extent to which the manager uses statistical analyses (which could be used to generate the findings related to evaluate the research) as a managerial tool.
Using information on the agencys website, record how you think the employee in a managerial position at the criminal justice agency would respond to your questions.
Note: You are not required to conduct an actual informational interview, but you are required to generate questions that could be asked during an informational interview and to think critically about how an interviewee might respond to the questions you developed.
Section 3: Application and Implications

Discuss the extent to which what you learned from the textbook supports and/or refutes what you learned from developing and responding to your informational interview questions about the use of evaluation research by criminal justice managers in the agency.
Based with your research on the agency website and your responses to your informational interview questions, discuss whether you think any changes should be made regarding how the managers of the criminal justice agency use evaluation research.
Discuss what your findings suggest about the usefulness and future need of evaluation research in the field of criminal justice.
Each section of the scholarly activity must be clearly labeled using the following section headings:

Evaluation Research
Managerial Tools
Application and Implications
Each section of the scholarly activity listed above should be a minimum of 200 words. Your entire scholarly activity should be at least three pages.

Be sure to cite, in APA format, any source used to influence your response. You are required to apply the concepts discussed in the textbook to the tasks in the scholarly activity. Therefore, your reference list should at least include a citation of the textbook.

Research Topic, Question/Hypothesis, and Design

In the field of criminal justice, there is always the need for the development of evidence-based strategies, programs, and policies. The evidence that is used to influence changes in the field of criminal justice is extracted from the findings of criminal justice research studies that are conducted by social science researchers, such as yourself. Therefore, there is a continual need to conduct criminal justice research that examines current issues in the field. You are tasked with developing a research study that explores a current issue in the field of criminal justice. You will detail your study in a research report covering the major steps outlined below, and the final report will be submitted at the end of the course.

The research report consists of four parts:

Part 1 Research topic, research questions, and research design
Part 2 Literature review
Part 3 Research methodology
Part 4 Discussion and conclusion
You then have the opportunity to tie all four parts together in a rough draft and make final revisions before presenting your research report for the courses final project.

Part 1A: Research Topic

First, you will need to identify a criminal justice related topic that you want to explore throughout all of the assignments associated with the final research report. Second, provide a brief discussion about why you chose your topic and why researching that topic is important to the field of criminal justice. Third, to assist you in determining the type of research that has already been done on your topic and to give you a head start on Part 2 of your research report, you will need to include a list of five scholarly sources related to your topic.

Note: You are not required to summarize the sources here, but the references must be cited in APA format.

Part 1B: Research Question

Developing a research question is one of the most important parts of the research study. Your research question is what dictates the type of methodology that will be used in the study. There are certain research questions that lend themselves to pure (basic) versus applied research. There are certain research questions that lend themselves to qualitative versus quantitative research. Therefore, it is imperative that you establish the research question prior to conducting a study. This is important as you are formulating your steps to solve the problem in your empirical research. It should also be noted here that if one is asking qualitative type research questions, answers might not result. Instead, additional questions or sub-questions may result, which is an acceptable result.

Note: You are not discouraged from using either type of question. Instead, you are reminded as discussed in the textbook that various types of questions exist and that the type of question you use will impact your methodology. This is why it is imperative that you identify the type of research question you want to ask at the beginning of your study.

For this part of the assignment, you are tasked with developing a research question. Based on your research question, you will need to generate at least one hypothesis or at least one sub-question that is associated with your research question.

Keep in mind that the research question needs to be connected to the topic that you identified in Part 1A of the assignment, and it needs to be a question that you want to explore throughout the other parts of this assignment and subsequent assignments related to the final research report.

Ethical Research in Criminal Justice

Much of what is done in the field of criminal justice, whether knowingly or unknowingly, is impacted by some form of research. Conducting research in the field of criminal justice is important because it can help to inform best practices and serve as a form of checks and balances across various aspects of the criminal justice system. While research can be beneficial to the field of criminal justice, if the proper research methodologies and guidelines are not followed research can be harmful to participants and to the operational components in the field of criminal justice. In order to ensure the production of the least amount of harm associated with a research study, ethical guidelines have been established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Many agencies, including criminal justice related agencies such as the U.S. Department of Justice, use the DHHS model policy on human research subjects to create their own human subjects policies.

For this assignment, complete the following:

explore empirical research in the field of criminal justice,
evaluate the importance of empirical research to the field justice, and
identify ethical considerations associated with conducting empirical research in the field of criminal justice.
To accomplish this task, imagine yourself as one of the following:

superior court judge
commander of the patrol division of a police department
chief juvenile probation officer, or
deputy warden of treatment in a prison.
Also, imagine that you live and work in Normal City. This city has all the amenities that one could desire in a large city and all of the peace and quiet that one could desire in a small town. The beach, countryside, and local attractions are all within a reasonable driving distance. All the schools range in various levels of specialization, accreditation, and extracurricular activities. Housing and property values fall within the average range of any city anywhere else. Crime rates are comparable to those found in any other city that would have similar amenities, attractions, and opportunities.

Using the role that you have chosen and the background information about Normal City, complete the following tasks in each section:

Section 1: Conducting Empirical Research in Criminal Justice

Identify the role you have chosen.
Identify a topic that empirical research could be used to explore in your chosen role.
Based on the topic you selected, develop a research question and/or hypothesis you want to empirically explore.
Identify whether your research focus will be pure research or applied research.
Identify whether your research design will be qualitative research or quantitative research.
Section 2: Importance of Empirical Research in Criminal Justice

Discuss why conducting empirical research on the research question you developed is important to the field of criminal justice.
Section 3: Ethics& Empirical Research

For the topic that you selected, explore the related ethical issues by addressing the following questions:
What procedures need to be avoided to reduce the amount of harm (i.e., conducting unethical research) experienced by respondents during this research? How would you honor the commitments made to respondents and respect reciprocity?
What steps would you need to take to ensure that you were objective and professional in conducting the research and reporting research results?
What measures would you need to take to ensure that the respondents confidentiality and privacy were protected?
Further explore ethical considerations related to conducting empirical research in the field of criminal justice by responding to the following tasks:
Discuss how a research study related to your chosen topic could involve the collaboration of a local college or university and/or a local community organization.
Discuss the role of the institutional review board regarding evaluating whether or not your study protects human subjects.
Section 4: Conclusion

Based on your discussions about empirical research in the field of criminal justice, the importance of empirical research to the field of criminal justice, and ethical considerations related to conducting empirical research in the field of criminal justice, what guidance would you give your agency to ensure that the research study was ethically conducted from start to finish?
The assignment will need to be a minimum of three double-spaced typed pages, not counting the title page. Be sure to use the first three subject headings identified above and to address each bullet point under the subject headings, and then your conclusion. Under each subject heading, your responses may be in paragraph form or provided as bullet points. Ensure you have a title page.

Be sure to cite, in APA format, any source used to influence your response. Therefore, your reference list should at least include a citation from the textbook as you are required to apply the concepts discussed in the textbook to the assignment.

Coronavirus and Courts Paper

Write about how this virus is affecting the judicial/court process. It is not as simple as saying courts are closed. You need to talk about specific parts of the system, how different courts are handling the crisis. Use resources like Mass.gov or whatever other resources for Massachusetts. Also, look at the federal level. Remember to talk about the correlation with the virus and the “players” within the judicial process – defendants, lawyers, judges, jurors, victims, etc.