In current APA format, list at least five scholarly outside resources in addition to the course text. Make sure the sources are academic in nature. Do not use websites such as Wikipedia, Quora, etc. The sources should reflect broad research on the current immigration debate including but not limited to the current state of the laws and executive orders. The bibliography is not annotated.

Your thread must be at least 275 words. Your thread must reflect critical thought. There are two philosophical reference points that form the basis for our government, and by extension, our governments role in securing our borders.  These are (1) the Holy Bible, and (2) principles of self-governance as expressed in our Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.  These principles were frequently articulated by our Founders and are provided for you in the document entitled American Founding Principles (Will be provided).  For every discussion topic, try to relate the course content to real-world applications with biblical perspectives and link back to at least one Founding principle. Also, a minimum of 1 source is referenced appropriately; cite any sources used.  More is better.
Topic:
Consider CBRNE, natural, and technological hazards. Based on a terrorist attack, which hazard(s) do you perceive would become the most dangerous threat to the United States? What hazard(s) do you perceive to present the least risk to the United States? Consider combined hazards. Describe an appropriate response to the risk(s) posed by the most dangerous threat.

NOTE*CBRNE is not a Hazard.CBRNE is an acronym that describes five categories of multiple threats which pose a variety of hazards. (A threat is not the same thing as a hazard.) A volcano is a hazard. If the volcano erupts, the lava is a threat to people downhill, and the ash cloud is a threat to airplanes (i.e. the potential hazard has materialized into something tangible – a threat)

A risk is the combination of occurrence of harm ( likelihood, or probability of occurrence) and severity of that harm (potential consequences)

You must write (2) replies of at least 140 words each to other classmates threads, and a minimum of 1 source is referenced appropriately for each reply. Note that both quantity and quality are important considerations when it comes to participation. For example, a message that says simply, I agree, does not constitute participation because it does not add anything of substance to the discussion.
In order to earn points, you must add something of substance to the discussion; this would consist of new ideas, your perspectives, pointed follow-up questions, etc.
Responding to a classmates post requires both the addition of new ideas and further analysis. A particular point made by the classmate must be addressed and built upon by your analysis in order to move the conversation forward. Thus, the response post is a rigorous assignment that requires you to build upon initial posts to develop deeper and more thorough discussion of the ideas introduced in the initial posts. As such, reply posts that merely affirm, restate or unprofessionally quarrel with the previous post(s) and fail to make a valuable, substantive contribution to the discussion will receive appropriate point deductions.

Topics:
(1)st reply to Stephans post:
It is evident that security and preventing terrorist attacks is a priority for local governments, especially the governments of larger cities. However, the full weight of protection should not be placed on the local government because in the wake of an attack citizens must be able to protect themselves. It is the responsibility of the government to allow the tools necessary for its citizens to defend themselves in conjunction with its own preventative measures.  Since the founding of the United States it has been the responsibility of the citizens to be the immediate defense of the community, hence the founding of local militias. Amidst modernization and the transformation of the local militia to the modern-day National Guard; the sheriffs and police departments are the immediate response force to a threat. The duty to protect is a shared responsibility between the citizens and the government.

The primary purpose of the local (municipal) government is responsibility for parks and recreation services, police and fire departments, housing services, emergency medical services, municipal courts, transportation services (including public transportation), and public works (streets, sewers, snow removal, signage, and so forth). With the range of responsibilities there is the danger of local governments resources stretching too thin to adapt to the threat of terrorism. However, in this time it is necessary for more susceptible targets (New York City, Los Angeles, etc.) to allocate resources to terrorist prevention. In the case of local deterrence and protection of its citizens from terrorism it may be necessary for the federal government to aid local governments in the form training or funds.

With all this being said it may be wise to consider a form of voluntary civilian defense against terrorism on a larger scale then the see something, say something approach. If trained civilians in conjunction with law enforcement work together to create a web of defense it could lead to more effective results. It is not possible for the local government/law enforcement to cover all areas but if there are citizens willing to be trained and help identify potential threats within the community there may be different outcomes. A recent example to highlight is the San Bernardino attack. If citizens were well trained and or armed with concealed carry it may have been possible to prevent some casualties. With scarce resources and the growing threat of attacks it is absolutely necessary for local governments to readopt the shared responsibility of protection between the government and citizens.

Sources:

https://www.dhs.gov/topic/preventing-terrorism

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/state-local-government/

(2)nd reply to Kristens post:
Being prepared is necessary. Whether it is for a job interview, a presentation for class, or even for writing this discussion board. King Solomon says, ” The wise store up choice food and olive oil, but fools gulp theirs down” (Proverbs 21:20). All throughout history, back in biblical times to today in the 21st century being prepared was essential. The saying, “By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.” you have already given the enemy a chance to attack because of lack of preparedness. The 2nd Amendment was high on the list so that the people could protect themselves from foreign and domestic enemies and not need the aid of the government; it was set in place so that the people could be prepared for an attack.

The local government has a duty to protect the citizens by following rules and guidelines set by the DHS to follow.

On the recommendation of the 9/11 Commission, Congress created the Office for State and Local Law Enforcement (OSLLE) in 2007 to lead the coordination of DHS-wide policies related to state, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcements role in preventing, preparing for, protecting against, and responding to natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters within the United States (DHS State and Local Law Enforcement).

However, each county has their own set budget. For example, in Culpeper, VA (disclaimer: I am a resident of Culpeper County), there is no fire and rescue station; there are only volunteer stations, one out of three is paid, because they simply cannot afford a paid station like in bigger cities in Northern Virginia (Fairfax, Vienna, Gainesville, Alexandria, and etc…). The sheriff in Culpeper County takes his job very seriously in ensuring the protection of its citizens at all costs; recently he was on Fox News saying that he would deputize all eligible, law-abiding citizens in Culpeper to keep that responsibility of duty to defend and protect the citizens rights to own and bear arms (Nelson, 2019). This man understands that it is the right of the people, that he needs to protect the rights set by the Constitution, that it is his duty to do so.

Because each county is different it is hard to gage what each one should do. Virginia Beach, VA is not going to have the same levels of preparedness as Culpeper, VA or as Gainesville, VA; however, there should be a set of standards, no matter where you are, that protects each citizen. Whatever that looks like, the main goal should be to defend and protect each individuals God given right that was laid out decades ago by our founding fathers to ensure that no government could take them away. One major way to ensure citizens safety is to do what the sheriff in Culpeper has done by saying and promising that he will fight for the citizens rights. Just like how the Texan parishioner man stopped a gunman from killing everyone because he was willing to stand up for his rights and felt that he had a duty to protect God’s people by ending a bad situation before it got out of hand. The best way to protect the public’s safety is to make them aware of dangers that seem unforeseen to them, but to someone working in homeland security, very obvious such as signs of traffickers looking for new women and children to kidnap.

                                                                                                                                                        References

Bullock, J., Haddow, G., & Coppola, D. (2016). Introduction to homeland security. Butterworth-Heinemann. 5. 31-65.

Homeland Security. (2016). DHS state and local law enforcement resource catalog. Department of Homeland Security. 4. Retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/oslle-resource-catalog-volumeiv-2-24-2016_1.pdf.

Nelson, J. (2019). Virginia sheriff: We’ll deputize law-abiding citizens to counter state dems’ gun control ‘overreach’. Fox News. Retrieved from https://www.foxnews.com/us/virginia-sheriff-deputize-democrats-gun-control.

Using the IRAC model compose a complete course brief. Specific attention will be given to the Analysis and Conclusion sections of your Case Brief.

In addition, please identify which of your cases focused one of the following:

Judicial Review
Strict Scrutiny
Ex Post Facto
Void for Vagueness
Equal Protection Clause

HERE IS THE 2 CASE YOU’LL BE WORKING WITH :

CASE1 :https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/304us144
CASE2 :https://www.oyez.org/cases/1970/13

Which amendment do you feel is most important and why? Be sure to discuss why this amendment is important in todays society.

Please select one of the following Amendments to U.S. Constitution: 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, or 14th. 

This should be three to four paragraphs in length. It is always a good idea to present your response to a discussion question in essay format (Introduction, body, and conclusion). If you quote or paraphrase a resource, please use the proper in-text citation and provide a Reference list at the end of your discussion post. Please use proper APA format. 

In the post 9/11 era, Intelligence Collection has become part of all National Security Agencies kit bag.  After much discussion in Congress, the decision was made to make the FBI the US Domestic Intelligence Agency rather than establishing a new federal agency to handle domestic intelligence collection.

For this essay discuss the pros and cons of creating a new federal agency to handle domestic intelligence versus adding this role to the FBI’s responsibility.

Make sure that you reference all information that you are getting from somewhere else and make sure that you reference everything that is not common knowledge. 

Wiretap Request 1

You are an investigator and you need to obtain approval for audio evidence about a case using covert listening device. You need to provide very specific information in the wiretap request. It must show probable cause for the tap, including identity if the person(s), location, duration and expected outcome. 

Please follow the following guidelines

    Search for a recent criminal case of your interest.
    Start your request with a brief summarization of this case.
    Write a few paragraphs to support your wiretap request as described above.
    Include date, location, name etc.

Note: Assignment must be at least 300 words, typewritten (single spaced, Times New Roman, 12 font, standard 1 margins, paginated), must be submitted as .doc or .docx files on blackboard, and must include proper citations utilizing APA format. Citations DO NOT count towards the total word count.

Write a Research Question and Conduct Preliminary Research
Please develop a research question. You will use this research question throughout this course. Your paper should include a paragraph or two to provide some background about the topic and explain how your research would fit into existing literature on the topic. Also, explain your search method (APUS library, other university or scholarly databases, academic journals, or Google Scholar) to access the most relevant information about your topic.
If you are wondering what a search method is, it is a process or technique. It is “how” you go about researching a topic. Typically, you will have criteria (a way of measuring what you find to determine if it is relevant) and you will have search terms (which are specific references to dates, places, events, people, concepts, or authors, that can be used in a search engine). A search method might include examining a wide variety of databases; it might include using the references in books and articles to find more sources. It might include restricting yourself to peer reviewed journal articles and government publications. No matter what paper or what topic, you will always be using some method for searching for the information you need.
Then go to the APUS online library and conduct a search for articles in peer-reviewed, academic journals or books about your topic. You can access the Library from the Classroom by selecting Library on the left vertical toolbar. Navigate the online databases and conduct a search based on keywords relating to your topic. Remember when you use the APUS library site, you must sign-in with your student account information.
Choose two (2) scholarly articles pertinent to your topic and provide a citation for these articles using APA format. Refer to the APA Quick guide in this week’s Lessons or access this link to Purdue OWL.
On every paper that you write for this school, you will include a cover page with the following information: title, your name, course name and number, instructor name, university name, and date. All assignments will be written within APA format and essay writing styles. Missing elements will limit your grade.
TECHNICAL GUIDANCE:
Your answers should be at a minimum of 1 1 pages (the Title Page and Reference page will be additional pages).
Type in Times New Roman, 12 point and double space.
Students will follow the APA Style as the sole citation and reference style used in written work submitted as part of coursework.
Use scholarly or other relevant sources.
Points will be deducted for the use of Wikipedia or encyclopedic type sources. It is highly advised to utilize: books, peer reviewed journals, articles, archived documents, etc.
Your responses are to be in your own words with minimal quotes.
All submissions will be graded using the attached rubric.

presented in this course.

Please be sure your Final Project adheres to the criteria stated in the Final Project Guidelines located in this weeks Learning Resources.

In your 15- to 18-page Final Project, you should include the following:

Executive Summary: Describe the public policy problem of interest to you, the scope of the problem, and a capsule summary of your recommended course of action. (12 paragraphs)
Introduction and Problem Definition: Explain why the problem is important. Why should the decision-maker care about this issue? (12 pages)
Issue Analysis: Explain in detail, supported by scholarly resources, the scope of the public policy problem. You should describe the stakeholders (e.g., branches of government, interest groups, nonprofit organizations, media, the bureaucracy, etc.) connected to the problem. (34 pages)
Proposed Solutions: You are not expected to detail every possible approach to the issue you selected. However, based on your research, select 3 or 4 potential solutions that directly address the public policy problem you selected. It is important that you explain which stakeholders would be proponents and which would be opponents of each policy alternative you identify, and why, and the implications of their being for or against the alternative(s). You should make clear to the decision-maker the complexities involved with each proposed solution you analyze. (78 pages)
Policy Recommendation: Choose one of the alternatives to the public policy problem you selected and explain, based on scholarly materials you have examined, why it t is best suited to address the problem. Be sure to address opportunities and challenges of implementing your recommendation given any relevant political, social, economic, or cultural considerations. Additionally, explain what, if any, social justice and/or ethical issues are impacted by your recommended policy alternative. (34 pages)
You are expected to support your arguments and perspectives with citations in APA format. Approximately 510 scholarly resources, at a minimum, should be referenced within the Final Project.