Recently, the global society has witnessed the unfortunate gradual suffocation and killing of an American citizen by the police in Minneapolis’s streets that led to peaceful protests in America and around the world.  Based on your readings so far in this course, write a comprehensive essay detailing the role of the American courts (judiciary administration/decisions) in combating the use of punitive force against human beings in the United States.  In your response, critically articulate some policy recommendations separately by the courts for good citizens relationships with American law enforcement. 650 words minimum.. 800 words max..

Getting Started
This writing assignment explores the code of ethics used by law enforcement officers.  You will research the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and analyze how police adhere to the Code of Ethics.

Upon successful completion of the course material, you will be able to:

Identify the factors that contribute to police corruption.
Describe the law enforcement code of ethics.

Resources
Textbook: Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices
Media 4.5 Resource: Police Accountability
File: Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
Video: M&I: The Police: Issues and Challenges Issue 2: Police Ethics and Corruption

Background Information
Codes of ethics provide moral guidelines and define expected professional behavior. They assist members in understanding what is right and wrong, and many organizations share their ethical expectations by creating, adopting, and sharing a code of ethics or code of conduct.  Codes of ethics do not cover every situation.  Police officers, attorneys, and corrections professionals all have codes of ethics specific to their profession, as do many other professions.

Instructions
Review the rubric to make sure you understand the criteria for earning your grade.
Review Chapters 7-11 in the textbook, Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices.
Review the media 4.5 Resource: Police Accountability.
View the handout Law Enforcement Code of Ethics.
Watch the following video: M&I: The Police: Issues and Challenges Issue 2: Police Ethics and Corruption.
Write a one-page paper that addresses these questions:
Do police officers always live up to their code of ethics?
What might they not live up to?
What might be the causes for misconduct?
Remember to cite your references using APA formatting.

Getting Started
This glossary assignment will continue to help you develop vocabulary related to law enforcement.  You will define law enforcement-related terms and provide examples for each.

Upon successful completion of the course material, you will be able to:

Define terms related to constitutional amendments.

Resources
Textbook: Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices
Media 4.2 Resource: Law and Liability

Background Information
Every culture and subculture has certain terms used by members.  These terms can be used as a code, defining an action with fewer words than would otherwise be needed.  The police subculture is no different, and there are a variety of words used.  As you examine several of those words in this workshop, think about their origin and how they may have transformed over time.

Instructions
Review the rubric to make sure you understand the criteria for earning your grade.
Review Chapters 7-11 in the textbook, Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices.
Review the media 4.2 Resource: Law and Liability.
In a two- to three-page paper, provide definitions for each of the following terms.  Do not copy the definitions for these terms from the textbook; define each of them using your own words.
Affidavit
Bivens tort
Crime-control model
Negligence
Due process model
Qualified immunity
Entrapment
Respondeat superior
Exclusionary rule
Section 242
Exigent circumstance
Section 1983
Fifth Amendment
Sovereign immunity
Fourth Amendment
Stare decisis
In loco parentis
Tort liability
Interrogation
Vicarious liability
Lineup
Wrongful death
Parens patriae
Probable cause
Search and seizure
Sixth Amendment
In the same document, provide one example of each term to help you remember it.
Remember to cite your references using APA formatting.

Getting Started
This article review explores the liability involved in law enforcement misconduct.  You will research an article on law enforcement conduct and analyze what law enforcement can incorporate in their training programs in order to avoid lawsuits.

Upon successful completion of the course material, you will be able to:

Discuss areas of liability related to policing.
Map the evolution of civil liability.

Resources
Textbook: Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices
Media 4.2 Resource: Law and Liability

Background Information
Liability for police-related behavior most often occurs when a police officer violates a legal mandate (order or decision from a court).  Liability is generally limited to issues like the use of force, vehicle pursuits, searches, off-duty behavior, and sexual misconduct.  While some may feel that proper behavior is “common sense,” it is important for all police officers to be trained in and reminded about acceptable behavior.

Instructions
Review the rubric to make sure you understand the criteria for earning your grade.
Review Chapters 7-11 in the textbook, Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices.
Review the media 4.2 Resource: Law and Liability.
Conduct research on the Internet using the News tab on the Google homepage.  Find a recent article on some type of law enforcement misconduct issue in the United States.
Write a one-page synopsis of the event or issue.  Include answers to the following questions:
What is the liability for the law enforcement officer or agency?
What types of training and education could local law enforcement agencies use to minimize the potential for a lawsuit being filed against them for this type of issue?
How does our view of this event today differ than it did in the past?  Explain.
Remember to cite your references using APA formatting.

**URGENT ORDER**

Please answer the following questions separately. Be objective as possible. Provide examples based on your research and cite all references that support your position.

1. Provided a team has shared goals and shared accountability, over time, what generally happens to social loafers (slackers) on the team ?

2. Discuss the benefits of a leader with a coach-like approach asking questions of his/her followers.

Assignment Details

Read the case of Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ____(2015), and write a 45-page paper addressing the following:
Summarize the plaintiffs arguments that their substantive due process had been violated.
Summarize the plaintiffs argument that their rights to equal protection under the law had been violated. 
Explain the Courts ruling and any prior U.S. Supreme Court cases that may have laid the foundation for this case. 
Explain what societal changes influenced the Courts decisions from the time of the 1986 Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986) case, in which the Court upheld a Georgia statute that criminalized homosexual sex, to Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), that overruled Bowers, to the 2015 Obergefell case that recognized same-sex marriage.
Summarize why the dissenting justices disagreed with the majority opinion in Obergefell. 
Do you agree with the majority opinion or the dissenting justices? Explain why.
References
Oyez. (n.d.). Bowers v. Hardwick. Retrieved from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1985/85-140
Oyez. (n.d.). Lawrence v. Texas. Retrieved from https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/02-102
Oyez. (n.d.). Obergefell v. Hodges. Retrieved from https://www.oyez.org/cases/2014/14-556

Essays should be a minimum of 6 pages, double spaced, Arial or Times New Roman, 12 point font.

Each essay will consist of an Introduction, 5-7 body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Outside research including a works cited page and in-text citations will also need to be included using APA.

Should the government control the content of TV shows and limit and amount of weekly violence?  How could the national and world news be shown if violence were omitted?  What about boxing matches and hockey games?

2.  How can we explain the fact that millions of kids watch violent TV shows and remain nonviolent?  If there is a link between violence in the media and violent behavior, how can we explain the fact that violence rates may have been higher in the Old West than they are today?  In fact, violent crime rates are lower today than they were 25 years ago, even after the creation of smartphones which give us access to all forms of media 24/7. 

You will need to post your initial response before seeing any posts from your classmates.

Post your initial response of at least 200 words

The following case study presents issues related to various levels of police encounters with a suspect and potential criminal evidence and the legal justification required for those encounters.

Case Study:

Officer Taylor is on routine nighttime patrol when she notices a vehicle pass her driven by an African American female. The vehicle appears to have a broken taillight that appears to be covered with colored tape. She directs the driver to pull the car to the side of the road. The car is an older model gold Pontiac and as Officer Taylor walks to the driver-side of the vehicle, she remembers that a car fitting this general description was the suspected car in a recent road side killing of a fellow police officer.

The driver has long braids, tattoos, and a nose ring. As Officer Taylor looks at the driver, she thinks to herself, Another one of those people we need to get off the streets.

Wanting to make sure that she is safe, Officer Taylor asks the driver to step out of her vehicle for a brief pat-down for weapons. She pats her down and finding no weapons, Officer Taylor asks the driver to have a seat back inside her vehicle. Officer Taylor then asks the driver for her drivers license and registration. Instead of providing her drivers license and registration, the driver speeds away resulting in a high speed chase.

The chase ends when the fleeing car hits a telephone pole and crashes.

Concerned that the car may ignite in flames from a leaking gas tank, Officer Taylor removes the unconscious woman to a safe distance from the vehicle. Officer Taylor returns to the vehicle to locate the drivers purse for identification. As she enters the vehicle, Officer Taylor notices the glove compartment has popped open and that underneath some documents is a gun which she retrieves. Officer Taylor also retrieves the drivers purse from the floor on the passenger side of the vehicle. Officer Taylor opens the purse to get the womans identification and finds what appears to be a baggie of marijuana. It is later determined that this vehicle was not the car involved in the shooting death of the fellow officer. It is also later determined that the taillight was not broken.

Please answer the following questions explaining your answer in detail by analyzing the facts presented and other factors you consider relevant; defining and explaining key legal terms; and citing legal authority (your text and other legal authority) to support your conclusions in a 23-page paper (excluding the title page and reference page):

Did Officer Taylors thoughts about those people influence her decision-making during this stop?
Did Officer Taylor have reasonable suspicion to make the initial stop of this vehicle?
Was the pat-down of the driver legal?
Did exigent circumstances exist for Officer Taylor to give chase to this vehicle?
Was the gun in plain view and legally obtained?
Will the marijuana baggie be admissible evidence?
Note: This Assignment will require outside research. Use at least two credible sources beyond the text material, and discuss how you evaluated the credibility of the resources used. You may consult the Library, the internet, the textbook, course material, and any other outside resources in supporting your task. Use proper citations in APA style.

The paper should contain a cover page and a list of references in APA format.
All internal citation of outside sources plus the listing of all references should also adhere to APA format.

You will submit replies of 135250 words each in response to 2 other classmates threads; you must also provide at least 1 “scholarly” reference in support of each of your replies . The scholarly references and scriptures you incorporate in your initial posts and both replies must come from outside the class . That is they can NOT come from the class, i.e. the textbook or scriptures listed in the assignments/PowerPoints. You must go out and search for them by yourself. Responding to a classmates post requires both the addition of new ideas and analysis. A particular point made by the classmate must be addressed and built upon by your analysis in order to move the conversation forward. Thus, the response post is a rigorous assignment that requires you to build upon initial posts to develop deeper and more thorough discussion of the ideas introduced in the initial posts. As such, reply posts that merely affirm, restate, or unprofessionally quarrel with the previous post(s) and fail to make a valuable, substantive contribution to the discussion will receive appropriate point deductions. Remember to provide at least 1 “scholarly” reference in support of each reply. Original posts will be provided to the awarded Writer.