Unit 7 Discussion
Fungal Pathogens

Choose any one of the fungal pathogens and discuss its appearance, staining reaction, culture characteristics, disease caused, and epidemiological characteristics (where is it common, who is at risk).

Unit 8 Discussion
Disease Transmission

Explain how nosocomial infections are becoming serious health threats within healthcare system. Discuss the known methods used for breaking the chains of disease transmission.

Propose a way to educate the general public on their role in preventing disease transmission.

Each discussion must be at least 100 words

https://youtu.be/u2ogMUDBaf4

Watch the short video above concerning the halogen elements.  Submit 1) an outline of the video and 2) four reaction equations for reactions demonstrated in the video.  This assignment is worth 100 points.

How to write an outline

An outline presents a picture of the main ideas and the subsidiary ideas of a subject. Some typical uses of outlining might be an essay, a term paper, a book review, or a speech. For any of these, an outline will show a basic overview and important details. It’s a good idea to make an outline for yourself even if it isn’t required by your professor, as the process can help put your ideas in order.

Some professors will have specific requirements, like requiring the outline to be in sentence form or have a “Discussion” section. A students first responsibility, of course, is to follow the requirements of the particular assignment. What follows illustrates only the basics of outlining.

Basic outline form
The main ideas take Roman numerals (I, II, …) and should be in all-caps. Sub-points under each main idea take capital letters (A, B, …) and are indented. Sub-points under the capital letters, if any, take Arabic numerals (1, 2, …) and are further indented. Sub-points under the numerals, if any, take lowercase letters (a, b, …) and are even further indented.

MAIN IDEA
Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
Subsidiary idea to B
Subsidiary idea to B
Subsidiary idea to 2
Subsidiary idea to 2
MAIN IDEA
Subsidiary or supporting idea to II
Subsidiary idea to II
Subsidiary idea to II
MAIN IDEA

It is up to the writer to decide on how many main ideas and supporting ideas adequately describe the subject. However, traditional form dictates that if there is a I in the outline, there has to be a II; if there is an A, there has to be a B; and so forth.

Outline example
Suppose you are outlining a speech about gerrymandering, and these are some of the ideas you feel should be included: voter discrimination, “majority-minority” districts, the history of the term, and several Supreme Court cases.

To put these ideas into outline form, decide first on the main encompassing ideas. These might be: I. History of the term, II. Redistricting process, III. Racial aspects, IV. Current events.

Next, decide where the rest of the important ideas fit in. Are they part of the redistricting process, or do they belong under racial aspects? The complete outline might look like this:

Gerrymandering in the U.S.

HISTORY OF THE TERM
REDISTRICTING PROCESS
Responsibility of state legislatures
Census data
Preclearance
Partisan approaches
RACIAL ASPECTS
Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960)
Civil rights
Voter discrimination
Voting Rights Act (1965)
Majority-minority districts
CURRENT EVENTS
Effects of gerrymandering in 2012 and 2016 elections
Gill v. Whitford Supreme Court Case

It is only possible to make an outline if you have familiarity with the subject. As you do research, you may find it necessary to add, subtract or change the position of various ideas. If you change your outline, ensure that logical relationship among ideas is preserved.

Further reading
Tardiff, E., and Brizee, A. (2013). Developing an outline. In Purdue OWL. Look at all three sections. The third includes an example.

Lester, J.D., and Lester, Jr., J.D. (2010). Writing research papers: A complete guide (13th ed.). New York: Longman. Includes several models, including for a general-purpose academic paper.

Turabian, K.L. (2013). A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Write a short five-page paper (12 pt Times New Roman font, double spaced, 1-inch
margins) on THE SOLAR SYSTEM that you have researched
using the internet. Include links, images, works cited of the information you consulted.
Minimum 3 pages text, maximum of 2 pages diagrams/references.

THIS IS A UNDERGRAD LEVEL ESSAY!!! do not focus on what receptors are but on the specific GCPRS mediating the effects of neuropeoptides. and must provide experimental evidence from the papers listed below.

Large, highly complex networks of regulatory proteins control signaling, desensitization,
internalization and recycling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These regulatory
interactions appear to be particularly important in mediating the effects of neuropeptides.
However, several lines of evidence indicate that interactions between the receptor proteins themselves may also play a major role in these processes.

Please provide an overview and critical evaluation of the experimental evidence supporting a role for receptor-oligomers, both homoand heteromeric, in the regulation of signaling and intracellular trafficking of GPCRs. Place a strong focus on GPCRs mediating the effects of neuropeoptides. Please use the review articles suggested below as starting points for your own literature research. Please also suggest an experiment that would be helpful in supporting your conclusions.

Suggested reading:
Ulloa-Aguirre and Conn (2009) Targeting of G protein-coupled receptors to the plasma
membrane in health and disease. Front Biosci 14: 973 – 994.

Farran B (2017) An update on the physiological and therapeutic relevance of GPCR oligomers.Pharmacol Res 117: 303-327.

Chini B (2019) Expanding neuropeptide signaling by multiplying receptor functional states and sub-cellular locations. Cell Tissue Res 375: 49-56.

-Why is this topic or question important?
-What is already known about this topic?
-How do we know this? (i.e. what were the important experiments that gave us this information?)
-What are the outstanding question(s) concerning this topic? (i.e. what do we not know?)
-How will we go about answering these questions? i.e. Propose at least one experimental approach to address this/these questions.

Abstract: Define the topic, how is it important. What is known and what is your question.
-Introduction: Written after you have assembled the narrative/figures, and chosen how to tell the story. Need to tell the reader WHY this topic is important, and what they need to know to position the new findings within the field.
-The Question: Explain where the holes are. Why dont we know this, is it a technical limitation?
-Hypothesis: Given what you have learned about cell biology, how do you think it might work? There are always a few options, discuss them a bit. This is where a figure/model helps. -Experimental Approach: What will you do? Assume you have all the money in the world.
-Interpretations, conclusion, impact: How will you draw a conclusion from your experiments, what will it mean in the bigger picture?
-References: Use a reference manager software like Endnote to format the citations.

Unit 5 Discussion
Viral Strategies

Imagine yourself to be a virus and you need to establish infection in an organ of your choice.

Discuss the innate and adaptive immune responses, including the roles of neutrophils, monocyte, macrophages, antigen, antibody, and B and T-cell mediated responses, that you will need to overcome along with their attributes to establish the infections and the type of immunodeficiency you will be benefited by.

Unit 6 Discussion
Bacterial Pathogens

Choose any one of the bacterial pathogens and discuss its appearance, staining reaction, culture characteristics, disease caused and mechanism of disease.

When responding to your classmates be sure to note similarities and differences between the bacterial pathogens both of you chose.  How do these influence virulence?

Keep the discussions separate. They should be at least 100 words each.

1) What is organic food? Provide definitions by FDA and other organizations.
2) Discuss the history of the food industry with respect to organic food classification.
3) Why are these foods usually more expensive?
4) Health benefits; are these foods higher in vitamin, mineral content? Be specific reference legitimate scientific sources.
5) Cost of production. Consider total cost, pesticide and herbicide usage for most foods.
6) Buying locally produced food vs. food from distant lands. Discuss the cost of production and the cost of shipping. Also, discuss the risks involved with food from other countries. How is the food inspected in these countries?
7) Use 10 or more scholarly articles and journals

This term paper is to be a topic of your choice if you can relate it to the geology of California or how society has been impacted by the evolution of geologic theories or how society has been affected by geologic process. “Societal impact” can include topics such as the discovery of gold, petroleum or other resources, or how geological hazards affect communities. You may also choose to write about a California state or national park, focusing on its geological aspects.